Visualize the social pyramid Rizal confronted—from Peninsulares down to Indios—and see how his ideas were enshrined in law to shape Filipino minds.
A colonial hierarchy: Peninsulares → Insulares → Mestizos → Indios. Rizal fought discrimination from the bottom layer upward.
Spaniards born in Spain at the top of the hierarchy—governors, bishops, high military. Held the highest power and privileges.
Influential landowners and professionals—below Peninsulares but above Mestizos and Indios in status.
Prosperous traders, artisans, and educated professionals—bridging colonial and native worlds.
The majority population—bearing tribute and labor—whose dignity and rights Rizal fought to uplift.
Conflict → Compromise → Goal
The Catholic Church opposed mandatory reading of Noli and Fili.
Students may be exempt from unexpurgated versions, but must still learn Rizal’s life and ideals.
Re-dedicate Filipino youth to freedom, nationalism, and critical thinking.